Science Assessment ~ Ideas ~ A pure substance has characteristic properties, such as density, a boiling point, and solubility, all of which are independent of the amount of the substance and can be used to identify it.

Key Idea: When substances interact to form new substances, the atoms that make up the molecules of the original substances rearrange into new molecules.
-and-
Whenever atoms interact with each other, regardless of how they are arranged or rearranged, the total mass stays the same.

Sub-Ideas
Items & Student Performance
Misconceptions
NGSS

These items have been aligned to more than one key idea. To view the sub-ideas click on a key idea below.

When substances interact to form new substances, the atoms that make up the molecules of the original substances rearrange into new molecules.
Students are expected to know that:
1. During a chemical reaction the atoms that are linked together in molecules (or arranged in other patterns such as arrays and crystals) rearrange to make new molecules.
2. If the atoms are not rearranged, then a chemical reaction has not occurred.
3. New substances are made of the same kinds of atoms as the original substances (i.e., the atoms themselves did not change during the reaction).
Boundaries:
1. The idea that the number of each kind of atom stays the same will be assessed under Idea H (conservation of matter).
2. Students are not expected to know the term “bond” or how chemical bonds are formed or broken during chemical reactions.
3. They are not expected to know that during chemical reactions, atoms are not turned into energy.
Whenever atoms interact with each other, regardless of how they are arranged or rearranged, the total mass stays the same.
Students are expected to know that:
1. Atoms are not created or destroyed when substances mix, undergo chemical reactions, change state, or dissolve, or when objects are cut or broken into smaller pieces.
2. The total number of each kind of atom always remains the same regardless of what happens to the matter (mixing, chemical reactions, changes of state, dissolving, or objects being cut or broken into smaller pieces).
3. The mass of an atom does not change.
4. If the measured mass has changed, it is because some atoms have not been accounted for.
Boundaries:
1. Students are not expected to know that mass is not conserved in energy-mass conversions such as nuclear reactions or other subatomic interactions.

Percent of students answering correctly (click on the item ID number to view the item and additional data)
Item ID Number	Knowledge Being Assessed	Pre-Test	Post-Test
SB001002	The mass of a silver coin is greater after it tarnishes because the number of silver atoms stayed the same and some sulfur atoms from the air linked to the silver atoms to form silver sulfide molecules.	47%	71%
SB002002	During a reaction where a reactant enters the system and no products leave, the mass of the system increases because the system now contains more atoms.	46%	63%
SB051001	The mass of a glow stick will not change while the chemical reaction is occurring because the number of each type of atom inside the glow stick does not change. Some of the atoms separated from one another and then connected in different ways to form different molecules.	36%	64%

Frequency of selecting a misconception
Misconception ID Number	Student Misconception	Pre-Test	Post-Test
M006	Matter or atoms can change into energy.	25%	10%
SCM026	The atoms of the reactants of a chemical reaction are transformed into other atoms (Andersson, 1986).	25%	14%
SCM083	New atoms are created during chemical reactions (AAAS Project 2061, n.d.).	17%	12%
M005	Mass always increases when a chemical reaction takes place.	16%	11%
SCM016	The products of a chemical reaction, though unseen, must have somehow existed from the start in another location, such as in the air or inside the reactants (Andersson, 1986; Solomonidou et al., 2000).	15%	9%
AMM137	Gases are not made up of atoms (AAAS Project 2061, n.d.).	13%	5%
AMM003	A gas is not a substance with weight and mass, therefore a gas is not matter (Mitchell et al., 1984; Mas et al., 1987; Renstrom et al., 1990; Stavy, 1990, 1991; Lee et al., 1993). For example, students may believe that air is not made up of atoms (AAAS Project 2061, n.d.).	13%	5%
M007	Energy can be changed into matter or atoms.	10%	6%

Frequency of selecting a misconception was calculated by dividing the total number of times a misconception was chosen by the number of times it could have been chosen, averaged over the number of students answering the questions within this particular idea.

NGSS Statements
Code	Statement
PS1.B MS	Substances react chemically in characteristic ways. In a chemical process, the atoms that make up the original substances are regrouped into different molecules, and these new substances have different properties from those of the reactants.
PS1.B MS	The total number of each type of atom is conserved, and thus the mass does not change.

Science Assessment

Key Idea: When substances interact to form new substances, the atoms that make up the molecules of the original substances rearrange into new molecules. -and-Whenever atoms interact with each other, regardless of how they are arranged or rearranged, the total mass stays the same.

Key Idea: When substances interact to form new substances, the atoms that make up the molecules of the original substances rearrange into new molecules.
-and-
Whenever atoms interact with each other, regardless of how they are arranged or rearranged, the total mass stays the same.