ASPECt 3D
3D Energy Tasks
The amount of energy transfer needed to change the temperature of a matter sample by a given amount depends on t…
Item AP005008: Evaluate the thermal properties of a coating to minimize how much a spacecraft's temperature changes as it re-enters Earth's atmosphere. Explain trends in data, observed at the macroscopic scale, using energy concepts and relationships applied at the molecular scale.
As a spacecraft re-enters Earth’s atmosphere, it gets very hot. To minimize how much the spacecraft's temperature changes, engineers use materials that have small temperature changes when they are heated.
An engineer has developed a new ceramic material. She wants to know if it has a smaller change in temperature when heated than the graphite material already used on spacecrafts.
First, she performs an experiment to measure the change in temperature of graphite when it is heated. She creates three graphite samples of different masses: 400 grams, 600 grams, and 800 grams. She measures each sample’s starting temperature. Then she heats each sample so that the same amount of energy is transferred to each sample. After heating them until the temperature has stopped changing, she measures each sample's temperature again.
The table below summarizes the data from her experiments with the graphite.
| Graphite | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Mass of the samples in grams | 400 | 600 | 800 |
| Temperature before heating | 20 oC | 20 oC | 20 oC |
| Temperature after heating | 180 oC | 130 oC | 100 oC |
1. Calculate the change in temperature for each graphite sample by comparing its temperature before and after heating.
| Graphite | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Mass of the samples in grams | 400 | 600 | 800 |
| Change in Temperature | |||
2. Using the data table you created, which of the following best describes the relationship between the mass of the sample and the change in temperature?
A. As the mass of the samples increased, the change in temperature of the samples increased.
B. As the mass of the samples increased, the change in temperature of the samples decreased.
C. As the mass of the samples increased, the change in temperature of the samples stayed the same.
D. As the mass of the samples increased, the change in temperature of the samples sometimes increased, and sometimes decreased.
The engineer wants to explain why the graphite samples had different changes in temperature even though they were heated by the same amount. She starts by thinking about the number and speed of the atoms and molecules that make up the samples.
3. Which of the following best describes how the mass of a sample depends on the number of atoms and molecules that make up the sample?
A. The more mass the sample has, the more atoms and molecules make up the sample.
B. The more mass the sample has, the fewer atoms and molecules make up the sample.
C. How much mass a sample has doesn't affect the number of atoms and molecules that make up the sample.
4. Which of the following best describes how the temperature of a sample depends on the speed of the atoms and molecules that make up the sample?
A. The faster the atoms and molecules that make up the sample are moving, the higher the temperature of a sample.
B. The slower the atoms and molecules that make up the sample are moving, the higher the temperature of a sample.
C. The temperature of a sample isn't affected by how fast the atoms and molecules that make up the sample are moving.
5. Using what you know about the relationship between energy, temperature, and the number and speed of the atoms and molecules that make up the graphite samples, explain why the three graphite samples had different changes in temperature even though they were heated by the same amount.
Next, the engineer does the same set of experiments with samples of ceramic. Below is the table showing the temperature of changes for the ceramic samples.
| Ceramic | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Mass of the samples in grams | 400 | 600 | 800 |
| Temperature before heating | 20 oC | 20 oC | 20 oC |
| Temperature after heating | 210 oC | 150 oC | 120 oC |
6. Calculate the change in temperature for each ceramic sample by comparing its temperature before and after heating.
| Ceramic | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Mass of the samples in grams | 400 | 600 | 800 |
| Change in Temperature | |||
7. To better compare the data from the two sets of experiments, create a plot of the mass of the samples and their change in temperature.
Your plot should include:
- Mass and temperature change data for both the graphite and ceramic samples
- A legend that labels the graphite and ceramic data
8. Using the data tables above and the plot you created, which of the following best summarizes the change in temperature data from the two sets of experiments?
A. When comparing samples with the same mass, ceramic always has a larger change in temperature than graphite.
B. When comparing samples with the same mass, ceramic always has a smaller change in temperature than graphite.
C. When comparing samples with the same mass, ceramic always has the same change in temperature as graphite.
D. When comparing samples with the same mass, ceramic sometimes has a larger change in temperature than graphite, and ceramic sometimes has a smaller change in temperature than graphite.
- Percent of Points Earned
- Points Earned
| Avg. Earned | Possible | Percent | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 | 1.92 | 3 | 64% |
| Q2 | 0.64 | 1 | 64% |
| Q3 | 0.56 | 1 | 56% |
| Q4 | 0.59 | 1 | 59% |
| Q5 | 0.61 | 3 | 20% |
| Q6 | 1.93 | 3 | 64% |
| Q7 | 1.05 | 4 | 26% |
| Q8 | 0.24 | 1 | 24% |
- Overall Task Difficulty
| Total Points Earned | Total Points Possible | Total Percent | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 7.54 | 17 | 44% |
n = 213
Note: The total percent is a weighted average based on the total number of points earned divided by the total number of points possible.
- Science and Engineering Practices
- SEP4 Construct, analyze, and/or interpret graphical displays of data and/or large data sets to identify linear and nonlinear relationships.
SEP5 Organize simple data sets to reveal patterns that suggest relationships.
SEP6 Construct an explanation that includes qualitative or quantitative relationships between variables that predict(s) and/or describe(s) phenomena.
SEP7 Construct, use, and/or present an oral and written argument supported by empirical evidence and scientific reasoning to support or refute an explanation or a model for a phenomenon or a solution to a problem - Crosscutting Concepts
- CC1 Macroscopic patterns are related to the nature of microscopic and atomic-level structure.
CC1 Graphs, charts, and images can be used to identify patterns in data. - Disciplinary Core Ideas
- PS1.B The total number of each type of atom is conserved, and thus the mass does not change.
PS3.A Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of particles of matter. The relationship between the temperature and the total energy of a system depends on the types, states, and amounts of matter present.
PS3.B The amount of energy transfer needed to change the temperature of a matter sample by a given amount depends on the nature of the matter, the size of the sample, and the environment.