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When can mutations occur?

  1. Mutations can occur at any time.
  2. Mutations can occur only when the environment is changing.
  3. Mutations can occur only when the environment is not changing.
  4. Mutations can occur only when an individual needs a mutation to survive.

Pre-Test

Distribution of responses (prior to studying evolution in high school)
Answer Choice
Overall
Grades
Gender
Primary Language
 
n = 572
6–8
n = 18
9–12
n = 502
Male
n = 245
Female
n = 283
English
n = 511
Other
n = 18
A. Mutations can occur at any time. 49% 39% 49% 48% 50% 49% 44%
B. Mutations can occur only when the environment is changing. 29% 33% 28% 29% 29% 28% 44%
C. Mutations can occur only when the environment is not changing. 3% 0% 3% 3% 3% 3% 0%
D. Mutations can occur only when an individual needs a mutation to survive. 19% 28% 19% 20% 18% 20% 11%

Post-Test (Control)

Distribution of responses (following typical high school instruction on evolution)
Answer Choice
Overall
Grades
Gender
Primary Language
 
n = 274
6–8
n = 14
9–12
n = 230
Male
n = 119
Female
n = 130
English
n = 237
Other
n = 9
A. Mutations can occur at any time. 68% 71% 68% 68% 67% 69% 44%
B. Mutations can occur only when the environment is changing. 14% 29% 14% 15% 13% 15% 11%
C. Mutations can occur only when the environment is not changing. 3% 0% 2% 3% 2% 2% 22%
D. Mutations can occur only when an individual needs a mutation to survive. 16% 0% 16% 13% 18% 15% 22%

Post-Test (Treatment)

Distribution of responses (following completion of an evolution curriculum module)
Answer Choice
Overall
Grades
Gender
Primary Language
 
n = 278
6–8
n = 4
9–12
n = 248
Male
n = 130
Female
n = 131
English
n = 251
Other
n = 5
A. Mutations can occur at any time. 87% 75% 87% 84% 89% 86% 80%
B. Mutations can occur only when the environment is changing. 8% 25% 8% 8% 8% 8% 20%
C. Mutations can occur only when the environment is not changing. 1% 0% 2% 2% 1% 2% 0%
D. Mutations can occur only when an individual needs a mutation to survive. 4% 0% 4% 5% 2% 4% 0%