Science Assessment

Students should know that:

1. Energy can be transferred by light when light from the light source shines on another object (receiver). For example, when a light bulb (or the sun) shines light on an object, energy is transferred from the light bulb (or the sun) to the object.
2. Light transfers energy through space; it does not need a medium such as air or another object in order to transfer energy from one object to another.
3. Light is given off by objects in all directions [except for lasers and other specially designed light sources or when the light is reflected or blocked] and travels in straight lines; therefore energy can be transferred from an object by light in all directions to any object in the path of the light.
4. Because light is transferred in all directions, the amount of energy transferred by light from a light source to an object decreases as the distance between the source and object increases.
5. The amount of energy transferred by light depends on the color of the light source. Light sources can give off light of different colors, ranging from red [through orange, yellow, green, blue] to violet.  For a given period of time and equal brightness, violet light can transfer the highest amount of energy and red can transfer the lowest amount of energy.
6. The amount of energy transferred by light depends on the brightness of the light source.  The brighter the light, the more energy can be transferred.  The dimmer the light, the less energy can be transferred.
7. The longer a light source shines on another object, the more energy is transferred from the source to the object.
8. When an object absorbs light, the object gets warmer, (unless energy is transferred away from the object), which means the thermal energy of the object typically increases.  For example, when the sun shines on a person, the person’s body becomes warmer.  When an object gives off light, the object gets cooler, which means the thermal energy of the object typically decreases (unless additional energy is supplied to the light source (e.g. a lamp plugged into an electrical outlet)). For example, as a glowing hot piece of metal cools, some of the temperature decrease is due to the fact that light is being given off. [This sub-idea assumes that neither object changes state, in which case the temperature of the object would not increase or decrease.]

Boundaries:

1. Students are not expected to know that all objects give off “electromagnetic radiation.”  This idea is limited to visible light.
2. Students are also not expected to know that the temperature of the object the light shines on increases asymptotically.  Items use time periods during which the temperature of the object noticeably increases the longer the light shines on the object.
3. Contexts of assessment items are limited to those that do not involve changes of state.

Students should know that:

1. A vibrating object (such as a guitar string, a drum, or a tuning fork) can transfer energy to another object by producing sound that travels through a material such as air, water, or another solid object between the two objects.
2. A medium (solid, liquid, or gas) is required in order to transfer energy by sound.  Sound cannot travel through empty space (a vacuum).
3. In a given medium, the amount of energy that is transferred by sound is related to the loudness and pitch (how high or low the sound is) of the sound.  The louder the sound, the greater the amount of energy transferred; the higher the pitch, the less the amount of energy transferred.
4. The amount of energy that can be transferred by sound decreases the farther away the source of the sound is from the receiver.
5. The amount of energy that can be transferred by sound increases the greater the size of the receiver.
6. When energy is transferred to a receiver by sound, the receiver gains energy and, as a result, its motion or temperature may change.  This gain in energy may be difficult to detect.
7. A vibrating object that transfers energy by sound needs a continuous input of energy to keep it vibrating. Otherwise, the vibrations slow down until the vibration stops and no more energy is transferred.

Boundaries:

1. Assessment items are limited to one vibrating object producing a sound wave.
2. Contexts used in items are limited to audible sound.
3. At this level, students are not assessed on the idea that when sound passes through a medium, the temporary displacement of matter in the medium is a sound wave.
4. At this level, students are not assessed on the relationship between the properties of sound waves and sound. For example, they are not expected to know that loudness depends on the amplitude of the sound wave or that pitch depends on both amplitude and frequency. These ideas are covered by the advanced idea.